International Business Operations [phased]

Until the early 1980’s, most managers thought about manufacturing in terms of a paradigm whose roots went back over 100 years and whose emphasis was on mass markets, standard designs and mass production using interchangeable parts. However, with rapid evolution of worldwide competition and the pace of technological development, increasing pressures has been placed in companies and industries to change. Goods, people and information all move across the world with greater speed and frequently than ever before. Organizations of all kinds now rarely conduct all aspects of their business within the confines of their won national borders.